1.Propaganda:Use of selected bits of information, both true and false, to get people to back their country’s war effort

War of attriton:a slow wearing-down process in which each side was trying to outlast the other

Contraband:war materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one

Atrocities:brutal act against defenseless civilians

2.Central Powers:Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers:Great Britain, France, Russia and their partners

U-boats:underwater boats, submarines that caused extensive losses to allied shipping

Woodrow Wilson:U.S. president during WWI

Arthur Zimmermann:high official in the German foreign ministery

4.a.Technology changed the way the war was fought by the ability to mass-produce weapons.

b.The principles that were proclaimed by the U.S. for declaring war were that “the world must be safe for democracy”.

3.a. Some of the factors that led to the fall of the Qing dynasty were that foreign interests dominated the Chinese economy and government, the failure of the Boxer rebellion , and nationalism.

b.The Nationalist movement grew under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek because he was able to make the Nationalist army stronger and began a campaign against the warlords called the Northern Expedition.

c.The factors that led to the rise of communism in China were the Chinese Communist Part, the Kuomintang being weak and in need of support , the survivors of the Long March, and Mao Zedong.

1.meiji restoration:when a group of samurai overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate and returned the emperor to power

Diet:Japan’s two house national legislature

sino-Japanese war:war between China and Japan over Korea in 1894, resulting in a Japanese victory

Treaty of Shimonoseki:1895 treaty forced China to recognize independence of Korea and make concessions to Japan

Mongkut:ascended to power in 1851

Liliuokalani:Hawaii’s queen who did not want foreigners to control Hawaii

Emilio Aguinaldo:led the Filipinos in a fight for independence

3.a. The British were active rulers in India. They built roads,bridges, and railroads which brought British families to India and two very different cultures lived side by side which caused Indian nationalism.

b.The Japanese were able to reform and industrialize their nation so quickly because they learned as much as they could about western ideas.

c.The United States expansion in Hawaii differed from the expansion in the Philippines because in the Philippines the Filipinos actually fought back.

1.capitalism:describes an economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production.

commercial capitalism:where capitalists are merchants who buy and sell goods.

industrial capitalism: when capitalists become more involved in producing and manufacturing goods.

interchangeable parts: identical parts that can replace each other.

mass production: system of producing large numbers of identical items

corporations: groups businesses formed to allow people to buy stock in their companies

monopoly:complete control of the production or sale of a single good or service.

cartel:corporate combinations that control entire industries

buisness cycle: alternating periods of prosperity and decline during the Industrial revolution

depression:period in which the decreased demand of goods causes the entire economy to sink

Pg.563 #1&2

free enterprise:system in which economic forces work automatically and naturally, without mercantilist laws and regulations

laissez-faire:French phrase ‘”let it be”

humanitarians:people who work to improve the conditions of others

utilitarian:belief that a law was useful if it led to “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” of people

strike:when a large group of workers stop working

unions:an association that collects due from members to pay workers if they go on strike

collective bargaining:process of negotiation between management and union representitives

2.Adam Smith:Scottish economist founder of classical economics

Thomas Malthus:an Anglican clergyman who became a professor of economics

David Ricardo:wrote that working class poverty is inevitable

Charles Dickens:used his novels to attack greedy employers

Jeremy Bentham:put forward the theory of utilitarianism

John Stuart Mill:believed that government should work for the good of all its citizens

1. enclosure movement: common lands in england being enclosed, or fenced off, into indiviual plots.

crop rotation:planting different crops in a field each year.

Industrial revolution: an era of rapid industrial development.

factors of production: a favorable combination of needed factors -land,capital, and labor.

mechanization: automatic machinery used to increase production.

factory system:production of goods in a factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers.

vulcanization:process of making rubber less sticky.

2.

Jethro Tull: inventor of the seed drill.

Richard Arkwright: invented a way to drive the spinnig jenny by water power.

Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin, which could clean more cotton in a day than hand laborers could.

James Watt: invented steam engine.

Henry Bessemer: Invented a cheaper and more efficient method of making steel.

Robert Fulton: first to build profitable steam boat.

Samuel Morse:invented telegraph, system of communication and morse code.

2. Carbonari:Secret revolutionary organization.

Giuseppe Mazzini:One of the most famous Carbonari

Young Italy movement: A movement dedicated to spreading the ideas of the risorgimento.

King victor Emmanuel II: King of Sardinia that was not sympathetic to the liberals but wanted to expand Sardinian territory.

Camillo Benso di Cavour:a republican and an Italian Patriot who supported the goals of the liberals.

Napoleon III: French emperor who wanted to increase French influence.

Giuseppe Garibaldi:a man devoted to Italian freedom, helped unite Italy.

4.a.The two events that led to the new nationalist movements for unification in Italy were the French revolution and the revolution of 1848.

b.The important leaders in the fight for Italian unification were Camillo Benso di Cavour and Giuseppi Garibaldi.

c.The kingdom of Sardinia took lead in Italian unification because they anted to expand their territory.

pg.642

4.a.Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state in Europe by wining the Austro-Prussian wars and uniting the countries of northern Germany. And by defeating the French in Franco-Prussian war and uniting th countries of southern Germany.

c. After unification the German government had two houses in its legislative branch.  Bunderat the Federal council and Reichstag the legislative assembly.